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TY - JOUR

T1 - Health-related quality of life among persons with initial mild, moderate, and severe or critical COVID-19 at 1 and 12 months after infection

T2 - a prospective cohort study

AU - the RECoVERED Study Group

AU - Verveen, Anouk

AU - Wynberg, Elke

AU - van Willigen, Hugo D.G.

AU - Davidovich, Udi

AU - Lok, Anja

AU - Moll van Charante, Eric P.

AU - de Jong, Menno D.

AU - de Bree, Godelieve

AU - Prins, Maria

AU - Knoop, Hans

AU - Nieuwkerk, Pythia T.

AU - Agard, Ivette

AU - Ayal, Jane

AU - Cavdar, Floor

AU - Craanen, Marianne

AU - Deuring, Annemarieke

AU - van Dijk, Annelies

AU - Ersan, Ertan

AU - del Grande, Laura

AU - Hartman, Joost

AU - Koedoot, Nelleke

AU - Leenstra, Tjalling

AU - Lebbink, Romy

AU - Loomans, Dominique

AU - Makowska, Agata

AU - du Maine, Tom

AU - de Man, Ilja

AU - Matser, Amy

AU - van der Meij, Lizenka

AU - van Polanen, Marleen

AU - Oud, Maria

AU - Reid, Clark

AU - Storey, Leeann

AU - van Wijk, Marc

AU - van den Aardweg, Joost

AU - van Assem, Joyce

AU - van Beek, Marijne

AU - Blankert, Thyra

AU - Dijkstra, Maartje

AU - Figaroa, Orlane

AU - Frenkel, Leah

AU - van Gils, Marit

AU - van Haga, Jelle

AU - Han, Xiaochuan Alvin

AU - Harskamp-Holwerda, Agnes

AU - Hazenberg, Mette

AU - Hidad, Soemeja

AU - de Jong, Nina

AU - Kootstra, Neeltje

AU - Kuijt, Lara

AU - Russell, Colin

AU - van der Straten, Karlijn

AU - van der Veen, Annelou

AU - Verkaik, Bas

AU - Visser, Gerben Rienk

N1 - Funding Information: This publication is part of the project “Long-term mental health trajectories in recovered COVID-19 patients: exploring the interplay of psychosocial and biological factors affecting health-related quality of life” with project number 10430032010010 of the research programme COVID-19, financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw). It was embedded in the project RECoVERED with project number 10150062010002 of the research programme Infectieziektebestrijding 3 2019-2023, also financed by ZonMw. This work was additionally supported by the Public Health Service of Amsterdam [Research & Development grant number 21-14]. H.K. received additional funding from “ReCOVer: A Randomised Controlled Trial testing the efficacy of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for preventing chronic post-infectious fatigue among patients diagnosed with COVID-19” with project number 10430012010025 of the research programme COVID-19, financed by ZonMw. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).

PY - 2022/12

Y1 - 2022/12

N2 - Background: Currently, there is limited evidence about the long-term impact on physical, social and emotional functioning, i.e. health-related quality of life (HRQL) after mild or moderate COVID-19 not requiring hospitalization. We compared HRQL among persons with initial mild, moderate or severe/critical COVID-19 at 1 and 12 months following illness onset with Dutch population norms and investigated the impact of restrictive public health control measures on HRQL. Methods: RECoVERED, a prospective cohort study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, enrolled adult participants after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. HRQL was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-item health survey (SF-36). SF-36 scores were converted to standard scores based on an age- and sex-matched representative reference sample of the Dutch population. Differences in HRQL over time were compared among persons with initial mild, moderate or severe/critical COVID-19 using mixed linear models adjusted for potential confounders. Results: By December 2021, 349 persons were enrolled of whom 269 completed at least one SF-36 form (77%). One month after illness onset, HRQL was significantly below population norms on all SF-36 domains except general health and bodily pain among persons with mild COVID-19. After 12 months, persons with mild COVID-19 had HRQL within population norms, whereas persons with moderate or severe/critical COVID-19 had HRQL below population norms on more than half of the SF-36 domains. Dutch-origin participants had significantly better HRQL than participants with a migration background. Participants with three or more COVID-19 high-risk comorbidities had worse HRQL than part participants with fewer comorbidities. Participants who completed the SF-36 when restrictive public health control measures applied reported less limitations in social and physical functioning and less impaired mental health than participants who completed the SF-36 when no restrictive measures applied. Conclusions: Twelve months after illness onset, persons with initial mild COVID-19 had HRQL within population norms, whereas persons with initial moderate or severe/critical COVID-19 still had impaired HRQL. Having a migration background and a higher number of COVID-19 high-risk comorbidities were associated with worse HRQL. Interestingly, HRQL was less impaired during periods when restrictive public health control measures were in place compared to periods without.

AB - Background: Currently, there is limited evidence about the long-term impact on physical, social and emotional functioning, i.e. health-related quality of life (HRQL) after mild or moderate COVID-19 not requiring hospitalization. We compared HRQL among persons with initial mild, moderate or severe/critical COVID-19 at 1 and 12 months following illness onset with Dutch population norms and investigated the impact of restrictive public health control measures on HRQL. Methods: RECoVERED, a prospective cohort study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, enrolled adult participants after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. HRQL was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-item health survey (SF-36). SF-36 scores were converted to standard scores based on an age- and sex-matched representative reference sample of the Dutch population. Differences in HRQL over time were compared among persons with initial mild, moderate or severe/critical COVID-19 using mixed linear models adjusted for potential confounders. Results: By December 2021, 349 persons were enrolled of whom 269 completed at least one SF-36 form (77%). One month after illness onset, HRQL was significantly below population norms on all SF-36 domains except general health and bodily pain among persons with mild COVID-19. After 12 months, persons with mild COVID-19 had HRQL within population norms, whereas persons with moderate or severe/critical COVID-19 had HRQL below population norms on more than half of the SF-36 domains. Dutch-origin participants had significantly better HRQL than participants with a migration background. Participants with three or more COVID-19 high-risk comorbidities had worse HRQL than part participants with fewer comorbidities. Participants who completed the SF-36 when restrictive public health control measures applied reported less limitations in social and physical functioning and less impaired mental health than participants who completed the SF-36 when no restrictive measures applied. Conclusions: Twelve months after illness onset, persons with initial mild COVID-19 had HRQL within population norms, whereas persons with initial moderate or severe/critical COVID-19 still had impaired HRQL. Having a migration background and a higher number of COVID-19 high-risk comorbidities were associated with worse HRQL. Interestingly, HRQL was less impaired during periods when restrictive public health control measures were in place compared to periods without.

KW - COVID-19

KW - Health-related quality of life

KW - Quality of life

KW - SARS-CoV-2

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85141182621&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1186/s12916-022-02615-7

DO - 10.1186/s12916-022-02615-7

M3 - Article

C2 - 36324167

AN - SCOPUS:85141182621

VL - 20

JO - BMC medicine

JF - BMC medicine

SN - 1741-7015

IS - 1

M1 - 422

ER -